Immuunijärjestelmän aktivaatiosta nivelreumassa ja reaktiivisessa artriitissa

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by synovitis, progressive joint destruction, and disability. Reactive arthritis (ReA) is a sterile joint inflammation following a distant mucosal infection. The clinical course of these diseases is variable and cannot be predicted with reasonable accuracy by clinical and laboratory markers. The predictive value of circulating soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), a marker of lymphocyte activation, measured by Immulite® automated immunoassay analyzer, was evaluated in two cohorts of RA patients. In 175 patients with active early RA randomized to treatment with either on disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) or a combination of 3 DMARDs and prednisolone, low baseline sIL-2R level predicted remission after 6 months in patients treated with a single DMARD. In 24 patients with active RA refractory to DMARDs, low baseline sIL-2R level predicted rapid clinical response to treatment with infliximab, an anti-tumour necrosis factor antibody. Furthermore, in a cohort of 26 patients with acute ReA, high baseline sIL-2R level predicted remission after 6 months. Levels of circulating soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin), a marker of endothelial activation, were measured annually by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in a cohort of 85 patients with early RA. During a five-year follow-up, sE-selectin levels were associated with activity and outcome of RA. The levels of neutrophil and monocyte CD11b/CD18 expression measured by flow cytometry, and circulating levels of sE-selectin measured by ELISA, and procalcitonin by immunoluminometric assay, were compared in 28 patients with acute ReA and 16 patients with early RA. The levels of the markers were comparable in ReA, RA, and healthy control subjects. In conlusion, sIL-2R may provide a new predictive marker in early RA treated with a single DMARD and refractory RA treated with infliximab. In addition, sIL-2R level predicts remission in acute ReA.Nivelreuma on krooninen tulehduksellinen nivelsairaus jota Suomessa sairastaa noin 1 % väestöstä. Taudinkulku vaihtelee ohimenevästä muutaman nivelen tulehduksesta vakavaan niveliä vaurioittavaan monen nivelen tulehdukseen. Nivelreuman lääkehoito aloitetaan kaikilla potilailla heti diagnoosin varmistuttua, koska nopeasti aloitetun tehokkaan hoidon on osoitettu johtavan parhaaseen hoitotulokseen eikä taudinkulkua voida nykymenetelmillä ennustaa. Mikäli tyydyttävää hoitovastetta ei saavuteta perinteisillä reumalääkkeillä, voidaan hoitoon lisätä niin sanottu biologinen reumalääke. Niillä saadaan hyvä hoitotulos noin kolmasosalla potilaista, mutta ne ovat hyvin kalliita ja niihin liittyy vakavienkin sivuvaikutusten riski. Hoitotulosta ei nykymenetelmillä osata ennustaa. Väitöskirjatutkimuksessani selvitettiin verinäytteistä mitatun lymfosyyttien aktivaatiota kuvastavan liukoisen interleukiini-2 reseptorin (sIL-2R) ennustemerkitystä nivelreumassa. Kun 175 tuoretta aktiivista nivelreumaa sairastavaa potilasta hoidettiin satunnaistetusti joko yhdellä reumalääkkeellä tai usean reumalääkkeen yhdistelmällä, matala sIL-2R-pitoisuus ennen hoidon aloitusta ennakoi hyvää hoitotulosta yhdellä lääkkeellä hoidettujen ryhmässä. Tutkittaessa 24 kroonisesti aktiivista nivelreumaa sairastavaa potilasta joille aloitettiin biologinen reumalääke (infliksimabi), ennusti matala sIL-2R-pitoisuus nopeaa hoitovastetta. Väitöskirjassani tutkittiin myös verinäytteistä mitatun verisuonten sisäkalvon aktivaatiota kuvaavan liukoisen E-selektiinin (sE-selektiini) merkitystä 85 tuoretta nivelreumaa sairastavalla potilaalla. Viiden vuoden seurannan aikana sE-selektiinipitoisuudet olivat yhteydessä taudin aktiivisuuteen ja nivelten vaurioitumiseen. Reaktiivinen niveltulehdus on virtsateiden, hengitysteiden tai suoliston bakteeri-infektion jälkeen alkanut niveltulehdus. Suurin osa potilaista paranee kuukausien kuluessa mutta joillakin potilailla tauti kroonistuu krooniseksi spondyloartropatiaksi. Väitöskirjatutkimuksessani selvitettiin sIL-2R-pitoisuuden merkitystä akuutissa reaktiivisessa niveltulehduksessa. Korkea sIL-2R-pitoisuus ennusti niveltulehduksen paranemista. Väitöskirjatutkimuksessani vertailtiin myös virtaussytometrisesti mitattuja neutrofiilien ja monosyyttien CD11b/CD18-ekspressiota ja verinäytteistä mitattuja sE-selektiini- ja prokalsitoniinipitoisuuksia nivelreumassa ja reaktiivisessa niveltulehduksessa. Sairauksien välillä ei havaittu eroja eivätkä potilaiden tulokset poikenneet terveiden verrokkien tuloksista. Väitöskirjatutkimuksieni perusteella verinäytteestä mitattu sIL-2R-pitoisuus ennustaa hoitovastetta hoidettaessa tuoretta nivelreumaa yhdellä reumalääkkeellä ja kroonista nivelreumaa infliksimabilla. Lisäksi sIL-2R-pitoisuudella on ennustemerkitystä reaktiivisessa niveltulehduksessa. Mikäli löydösten kliininen merkitys voidaan lisätutkimuksissa varmistaa, on mahdollista että tätä verinäytteestä mitattavaa merkkiainetta voidaan tulevaisuudessa käyttää apuna nivelreuman yksilöllisen hoidon suunnittelussa

STAT6 and STAT1 Pathway Activation in Circulating Lymphocytes and Monocytes as Predictor of Treatment Response in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Objective To find novel predictors of treatment response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), we studied activation of STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) 6 and 1 in circulating leukocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods 19 patients with untreated recent-onset RA, 16 patients with chronic RA irresponsive to synthetic DMARDs and 37 healthy volunteers provided blood samples for whole blood flow cytometric determination of intracellular STAT6 and STAT1 phosphorylation, expressed as relative fluorescence units, in response to IL-4 and IFN-gamma, respectively. Phosphorylation was restudied and treatment response (according to European League Against Rheumatism) determined after 1-year treatment with synthetic DMARDs in recent-onset RA and with biological DMARD in synthetic DMARD-irresponsive RA. Estimation-based exact logistic regression was used to investigate relation of baseline variables to treatment response. 95% confidence intervals of means were estimated by bias-corrected bootstrapping and the significance between baseline and follow-up values was calculated by permutation test. Results At baseline, levels of phosphorylated STAT6 (pSTAT6) induced by IL-4 in monocytes were higher in those who achieved good treatment response to synthetic DMARDs than in those who did not among patients with untreated RA (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.05 to 9.47), and IFN-gamma-stimulated lymphocyte pSTAT1 levels were higher in those who achieved good treatment response to a biological drug than in those who did not among patients with chronic RA (OR 3.91, 95% CI 1.12 to 20.68). During follow-up, in recent-onset RA patients with good treatment response to synthetic DMARDS, the lymphocyte pSTAT6 levels decreased (p = 0.011), and, consequently, the ratio of pSTAT1/pSTAT6 in lymphocytes increased (p = 0.042). Conclusion Cytokine-stimulated STAT6 and STAT1 phosphorylation in circulating leukocytes was associated with treatment response to DMARDs in this pilot study. The result, if confirmed in larger studies, may aid in developing personalized medicine in RA.Peer reviewe

Pancreatic cancer is associated with aberrant monocyte function and successive differentiation into macrophages with inferior anti-tumour characteristics

Background/objectives: Inflammation is related to the development and progression of pancreatic cancer (PC). Locally, anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2), and systemically, high levels of certain inflammation-modulating cytokines associate with poor prognosis in PC. The detailed effects of systemic inflammation on circulating monocytes and macrophage polarisation remain unknown. We aimed to find out how intracellular signalling of peripheral blood monocytes is affected by the systemic inflammatory state in PC patients and how it affects their differentiation into macrophages. Methods: Monocytes were isolated from 50 consenting PC patients and 20 healthy controls (HC). The phosphorylation status of the signalling molecules was assessed by flow cytometry both from unstimulated and appropriately stimulated monocytes. Monocytes derived from HC and PC patients were cocultured with cancer cells (MIA PaCa-2 and HPAF-II) in media supplemented with autologous serum, and the CD marker expression of the obtained macrophages was assessed by flow cytometry. Results: Phosphorylation levels of unstimulated STAT2, STAT3 and STAT6 were higher (p <0.05) and those of stimulated NF-kB (p = 0.004) and STAT5 (p = 0.006) were lower in patients than in controls. The expression of CD86, a proinflammatory (Ml) marker, was higher in control- than patient-derived cocultured macrophages (p = 0.029). Conclusions: Circulating monocytes from PC patients showed constitutive phosphorylation and weaker response to stimuli, indicating aberrant activation and immune suppression. When co-culturing the patient-derived monocytes with cancer cells, they differentiated into macrophages with reduced levels of M1 macrophage marker CD86, suggesting compromised anti-tumour features. The results highlight the need for global management of tumour-associated immune aberrations in PC treatment. (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of IAP and EPC.Peer reviewe

Tofacitinib treatment modulates the levels of several inflammation-related plasma proteins in rheumatoid arthritis and baseline levels of soluble biomarkers associate with the treatment response

Sixteen patients with active rheumatoid arthritis, despite conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, started additional tofacitinib treatment. Blood samples were drawn at baseline and at 3-month follow-up visits, and plasma levels of 92 inflammation-related proteins were measured with proximity extension assay. Levels of 21 proteins changed substantially (>20%) and statistically significantly upon tofacitinib treatment, and the baseline levels of interleukin-6, C-C motif chemokine 11 and Delta and Notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor associated with the treatment response. The data on the effects of tofacitinib on soluble proteins in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is currently very limited. We analyzed how tofacitinib treatment and thus inhibition of the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activation of transcription pathway affects the in vivo levels of inflammation-related plasma proteins in RA patients. In this study, 16 patients with active RA [28-joint disease activity score (DAS28) >3.2] despite treatment with conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) started tofacitinib treatment 5 mg twice daily. Levels of 92 inflammation-related plasma proteins were determined by proximity extension assay at baseline and at 3 months. Tofacitinib treatment for 3 months, in csDMARD background, decreased the mean DAS28 from 4.4 to 2.6 (P 20%) and statistically significant (P 50%) decrease was observed for interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1, matrix metalloproteinase-1, and AXIN1. Higher baseline levels of IL-6 and lower levels of C-C motif chemokine 11 and Delta and Notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptors were associated with DAS28 improvement. Our results indicate that tofacitinib downregulates several proinflammatory plasma proteins that may contribute to the clinical efficacy of tofacitinib. In addition, soluble biomarkers may predict the treatment response to tofacitinib.Peer reviewe

Periodontitis in early and chronic rheumatoid arthritis : a prospective follow-up study in Finnish population

Objectives To investigate the association between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis with special emphasis on the role of antirheumatic drugs in periodontal health. Design Prospective follow-up study. Patients with early untreated RA and chronic active RA were examined at baseline and 16months later. Controls were examined once. Settings and participants The study was conducted in Finland from September 2005 to May 2014 at the Helsinki University Hospital. Overall, 124 participants were recruited for dental and medical examinations: 53 were patients with early disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) na1ve RA (ERA), 28 were patients with chronic RA (CRA) with insufficient response to conventional DMARDs. After baseline examination, patients with ERA started treatment with synthetic DMARDs and patients with CRA with biological DMARDs. Controls were 43 age-matched, gender-matched and community-matched participants. Outcome measures Degree of periodontitis (defined according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Periodontology). Prevalence of periodontal bacteria (analysed from plaque samples), clinical rheumatological status by Disease Activity Score, 28-joint count (DAS28), function by Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and treatment response by European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) criteria. Results Moderate periodontitis was present in 67.3% of patients with ERA, 64.3% of patients with CRA and 39.5% of control participants (p=0.001). Further, patients with RA had significantly more periodontal findings compared with controls, recorded with common periodontal indexes. In the re-examination, patients with RA still showed poor periodontal health in spite of treatment with DMARDs after baseline examination. The prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis was higher in patients with ERA with periodontal probing depth 4mm compared with patients with CRA and controls. Antirheumatic medication did not seem to affect the results. Conclusions Moderate periodontitis was more frequent in patients with RA than in controls. Patients with ERA and CRA exhibited poorer periodontal health parameters when compared with controls. There was no association between antirheumatic treatment and periodontal parameters.Peer reviewe

Constitutive STAT3 Phosphorylation in Circulating CD4(+) T Lymphocytes Associates with Disease Activity and Treatment Response in Recent-Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis

The aim of the present study was to examine constitutive signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation in circulating leukocytes as a candidate biomarker in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). 25 patients with recent-onset, untreated RA provided samples for whole blood flow cytometric determination of intracellular STAT3 phosphorylation, expressed as relative fluorescence units. The occurrence of constitutive STAT3 phosphorylation was evaluated by determining proportion of STAT3-phosphorylated cells among different leukocyte subtypes. Plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17 and IL-21 were measured by immunoassay, radiographs of hands and feet were examined and disease activity score (DAS28) was determined. Biomarkers were restudied and treatment response (according to European League Against Rheumatism) was determined after 12 months of treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. At baseline, constitutive phosphorylation of STAT3 occurred in CD4(+) T cells of 14 (56%) patients, CD8(+) T cells of 13 (52%) patients, in CD19+ B cells of 7 (28%) patients, and in CD14(+) monocytes of 12 (48%) patients. STAT3 phosphorylation levels of CD4(+) T cells associated with DAS28, and those of all leukocyte subtypes studied associated with erosive disease. The presence of constitutive STAT3 phosphorylation in CD4(+) T lymphocytes, pSTAT3 fluorescence intensity of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels at baseline associated with good treatment response. In conclusion, constitutive STAT3 phosphorylation in circulating CD4(+) T cells is common in recent-onset untreated RA and associates with good treatment response in patients characterized by high disease activity and the presence of systemic inflammation.Peer reviewe

Association of Matrix Metalloproteinases-7,-8 and-9 and TIMP-1 with Disease Severity in Acute Pancreatitis. A Cohort Study

Objectives Several biomarkers for early detection of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) have been presented. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMP) are released early in inflammation. We aimed to assess levels of MMP-7, -8, -9 and TIMP-1 in acute pancreatitis (AP) and explore their ability to detect disease severity. Our second aim was to find an association between MMPs, TIMP and creatinine. Methods We collected plasma samples for MMP-7, -8, -9 and TIMP-1 analyses from 176 patients presenting within 96 h from onset of acute pancreatitis (AP) symptoms. We used samples from 32 control subjects as comparison. The revised Atlanta Classification was utilised to assess severity of disease. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and Spearman's Rho-test were utilised for statistical calculations. Results Compared with controls, patients showed higher levels of all studied markers. MMP-8 was higher in moderately severe AP than in mild AP (p = 0.005) and MMP-8, -9 and TIMP-1 were higher in severe than in mild AP (pPeer reviewe

Baseline JAK phosphorylation profile of peripheral blood leukocytes, studied by whole blood phosphospecific flow cytometry, is associated with 1-year treatment response in early rheumatoid arthritis

Background: We found recently that baseline signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation in peripheral blood CD4(+) T cells of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with treatment response to synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). This prompted us to study the baseline phosphorylation profiles of Janus kinases (JAKs) in blood leukocytes with respect to treatment response in early RA. Methods: Thirty-five DMARD-naive patients with early RA provided blood samples for whole blood flow cytometric determination of phosphorylation of JAKs in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, CD19(+) B cells, and CD14(+) monocytes. Treatment response was determined after 1 year of treatment with synthetic DMARDs, with remission defined as absence of tender and swollen joints and normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Exact logistic regression was used to investigate the association of baseline variables with treatment response. Ninety-five percent CIs of means were estimated by bias-corrected bootstrapping. Results: High JAK3 phosphorylation in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, CD19(+) B cells, and CD14(+) monocytes and low JAK2 phosphorylation in CD14(+) monocytes were significantly associated with remission following treatment with synthetic DMARDs. Conclusions: Baseline JAK phosphorylation profile in peripheral blood leukocytes may provide a means to predict treatment response achieved by synthetic DMARDs among patients with early RA.Peer reviewe

Inflammatory biomarkers in saliva and serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis with respect to periodontal status

Objective: To study prospectively the association of salivary and serum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, tissue inhibitor of MMPs (TIMP)-1 and interleukin (IL)-6 with periodontal and systemic inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We hypothesized that biomarker concentrations reflect inflammation. Methods: Fifty three early untreated RA (ERA) and 28 chronic RA (CRA) patients, underwent rheumatological and dental examinations at baseline and one year later after starting first conventional or biological disease modifying antirheumatic drug. We included 43 control subjects. Saliva and serum samples were analyzed for MMP-8, TIMP-1 and IL-6. Periodontal health was assessed by bleeding on probing (BOP), pocket depth (PD) and periodontal inflammatory burden index (PIBI); RA disease activity was assessed by disease activity score DAS28. Joint destruction was analyzed by the modified Sharp-van der Heijde (SHS) method. Results: Serum MMP-8 (p <.001; p <.001) and IL-6 (p <.001; p =.002) were significantly higher in CRA vs. other study groups during the study. Salivary MMP-8 (p =.010) and IL-6 (p =.010) were significantly higher in ERA vs. other study groups at baseline. Salivary MMP-8 was associated with periodontal parameters. Conclusion: Elevated serum concentrations of MMP-8 and IL-6 in CRA patients reflected chronic RA, while elevated salivary concentrations of MMP-8 levels in ERA patients reflected increased periodontal inflammation.Peer reviewe

Blood Leukocyte Signaling Pathways as Predictors of Severity of Acute Pancreatitis

Objectives Clinical practice lacks biomarkers to predict the severity of acute pancreatitis (AP). We studied if intracellular signaling of circulating leukocytes could predict persistent organ dysfunction (OD) and secondary infections in AP. Methods A venous blood sample was taken from 174 patients with AP 72 hours or less from onset of symptoms and 31 healthy controls. Phosphorylation levels (p) of appropriately stimulated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), STAT6, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B), Akt, and nonstimulated STAT3 in monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes was measured using phosphospecific flow cytometry. Results The patients showed higher pSTAT3 and lower pSTAT1, pSTAT6, pNF-kappa B, and pAkt than healthy controls. pSTAT3 in all leukocyte subtypes studied increased, and pSTAT1 in monocytes and T cells decreased in an AP severity-wise manner. In patients without OD at sampling, high pSTAT3 in monocytes and T lymphocytes were associated with development of persistent OD. In patients with OD, low interleukin-4-stimulated pSTAT6 in monocytes and neutrophils and Escherichia coli-stimulated pNF-kappa B in neutrophils predicted OD persistence. High pSTAT3 in monocytes, CD8(+) T cells, and neutrophils; low pSTAT1 in monocytes and T cells; and low pNF-kappa B in lymphocytes predicted secondary infections. Conclusions Leukocyte STAT3, STAT1, STAT6, and NF-kappa Beta phosphorylations are potential predictors of AP severity.Peer reviewe